So, in a 2V processor, logical circuits are built with MOSFETS that react at 2V, hence an incoming current at or near the high end of the voltage range, 2V, switches the circuit on, while an incoming current at or near 0V switches the circuit off. In a CPU, the voltage at which the MOSFETs react determines the voltage requirements of the processor. This kind of transistor performs a simple but crucial function: When voltage is applied to it, it reacts by turning the circuit either on or off. The most common type of switch in today’s computers is a transistor known as a MOSFET (metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor). In the days of room-size computers, the switches were actually physical switches, but today nothing moves except the current itself. Logic gates operate via hardware known as a switch – in particular, a digital switch. In addition, the processor uses gates in combination to perform arithmetic functions it can also use them to trigger the storage of data in memory. NAND gates are very popular, because they use only two transistors instead of the three in an AND gate yet provide just as much functionality. And a NOT gate takes a single input and reverses it, outputting 1 if the input was 0 and vice versa. An OR gate outputs a 1 if at least one of the inputs was a 1. An AND gate outputs a 1 only if both its inputs were 1s. The main Boolean operators are AND, OR, NOT, and NAND (not AND) many combinations of these are possible as well. The processor’s logic gates work together to make decisions using Boolean logic, which is based on the algebraic system established by mathematician George Boole. The fact that today’s processors contain millions of transistors offers a clue as to how complex the logic system is. The decision itself happens in a circuit called a logic gate, each of which requires at least one transistor, with the inputs and outputs arranged differently by different operations. Processors work by reacting to an input of 0s and 1s in specific ways and then returning an output based on the decision. On a 3.3-volt system, an application of 3.3 volts means that it’s a 1, while an application of 0 volts means it’s a 0. The voltage on the line at the time a signal is sent determines whether the signal is a 0 or a 1. Fundamentally, they all take signals in the form of 0s and 1s (thus binary signals), manipulate them according to a set of instructions, and produce output in the form of 0s and 1s.
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